La infancia es un hecho social y por este principio no se reduce a una única expresión. En Colombia, las investigaciones de la memoria histórica han omitido esta concepción sociológica al resumir la interacción de la guerra y la infancia al estudio del reclutamiento de menores de edad. Ante esto, este artículo invita a construir una memoria histórica de las infancias olvidadas y desprovistas de existencia en la narración del conflicto armado. Para tal fin, propone empezar por cuatro infancias (la (...) desplazada, la masacrada, la desaparecida y la violentada sexualmente), tomando en cuenta algunas herramientas metodológicas e interpretativas para abordarlas. (shrink)

We study Hilbert spaces expanded with a unitary operator with a countable spectrum. We show that the theory of such a structure is ω -stable and admits quantifier elimination.

El siguiente trabajo se circunscribe en los dilemas que vivencia el profesional, el intelectual que se posiciona en una trinchera del conocimiento que tiene causa común con el enfrentamiento del modelo económico-social actual. Analiza la pugna que existe entre la satisfacción de necesidades de la institución donde trabaja y aquellas necesidades explicitas y latentes del grupo humano donde materializa el ejercicio disciplinario La finalidad, entonces, es sumarse al proyecto social que llama a la militancia en el campo, a la resignificación (...) del compromiso intelectual con la clase oprimida, a la lucha que deben dar en el campo los intelectuales, no solo contra el poder simbólico, sino en contra de la razón neoliberal. (shrink)

This book weaves together apparently disconnected elements of Bertrand Russell’s philosophy and social activism into a coherent narrative about the acclaimed twentieth-century intellectual’s evolving stances concerning science and technology and their role in bringing either a future Golden Age or a secular Doomsday.

El carácter de Alberto Blest Gana como fundador de la novela chilena mal podría ligarlo a la práctica del folletín, aunque registra numerosos títulos publicados en revistas y periódicos. Por lo demás, su filiación como aventajado discípulo de Balzac menos podría propiciar un vínculo con la literatura popular o de masas, como se desarrolló en Francia a mediados del siglo XIX. Y es que el canon literario nacional se construye a partir de una élite intelectual -ilustrada y liberal- que participa (...) de la construcción social de la Nación como la que propiciaba José Victorino Lastarria y el propio Blest Gana -en sus respectivos manifiestos literarios-, en cuya conformación la cultura popular no participa más allá de un “costumbrismo” folklórico, o como un “sabor” local, o como un “pintoresquismo” para solaz de los lectores cultos. En este artículo se indaga en los formantes folletinescos en la narrativa de Blest Gana, recurriendo a las tesis acerca de la literatura popular que han sido postuladas, entre otros, por Eco ; Martín-Barbero, Herlinghaus, Sarlo. Alberto Blest Gana, the founder of the Chilean novel, could not be linked to the practice of writing feuilleton, although a number of his works published in magazines and newspapers exist. Moreover, being an outstanding disciple of Balzac would unlikely link him to the popular or mass literature, as the one developed in France in the middle of the nineteenth century. In fact, the national literary canon is built upon an intellectual elite -enlightened and liberal- that participates in the social construction of the nation as the one fostered by José Victorino Lastarria and Blest Gana -in their respective literary manifests. In their view, the popular culture does not participate beyond a folkloric “costumbrism” or as a local “taste”, or as a “picturesque trait” for the delight of the educated readers. For this reason, this article explores the melodramatic formants in Blest Gana’s narrative, by analyzing them in light of the popular literature perspectives advocated by Eco, Martín-Barbero, Herlinghaus, and Sarlo, among others. (shrink)

En el presente estudio analizamos las peculiaridades oratorias del antioqueno Juan Crisóstomo, notando previamente cuáles fueron los rasgos novedosos de la pre- dicación cristiana antigua, su esencia y su finalidad, para posteriormente des- plegar las principales cualidades de la predicación del Crisóstomo, acompa- ñado con una selección de pasajes den- tro de su ingente obra.

AimsThis preliminary study aimed to investigate therapy-induced electrophysiological changes in persons with primary progressive aphasia. The investigated event-related potential components associated with language processing were the mismatch negativity, P300, N400, and P600.MethodsA linguistic ERP test battery and standardized language assessment were administered in four patients with PPA of which two received speech-language therapy and two did not receive therapy. The battery was administered twice with approximately 6 months in between in each patient. The results of the follow-up assessments were compared (...) to the results of the initial assessments.ResultsAlthough the results of the behavioral language assessment remained relatively stable between the initial and follow-up assessments, changes in the mean amplitudes, onset latencies, and duration of the ERP components were found in the four patients. In the two patients that did not receive SLT, an increased delay in 50% and a decreased mean amplitude in 25% of the measured ERP components were found. The electrophysiological changes found in the patients that received SLT were variable. Interestingly, the mismatch negativity and the N400 effect elicited by the categorical priming paradigm were less delayed and had an increased mean amplitude at the follow-up assessment in the patient with the non-fluent variant who received SLT. In this patient, the P600 component was absent at the initial assessment but present at the follow-up assessment.ConclusionAlthough no clear patterns in electrophysiological changes between patients who received SLT and patients who did not receive SLT were found by our preliminary study, it seems like the SLT induced improvements or compensation mechanisms in some specific language comprehension processes in the patient with the NFV. The results of this study are still preliminary because only four heterogeneous patients were included. Future studies should include larger patient groups of the three clinical variants because the therapy-induced electrophysiological changes might differ depending on the clinical variant and the underlying pathology. (shrink)

Why do we have social norms—of fairness, cooperation, trust, property, or gender? Modern-day Humeans, as I call them, believe these norms are best accounted for in cultural evolutionary terms, as adaptive solutions to recurrent problems of social interaction. In this paper, I discuss a challenge to this “Humean Program.” Social norms involve widespread behaviors, but also distinctive psychological attitudes and dispositions. According to the challenge, Humean accounts of norms leave their psychological side unexplained. They explain, say, why we share equally, (...) but not why we disapprove of those who don’t. I defend the Humean Program against this challenge. In particular, I suggest an idea for how to extend the Program to account for the psychological side of norms. Socially adaptive behaviors aren’t just likely to emerge in a group; They are also likely to be widely taught within it. The transmission of these behaviors through instruction explains why they are associated with distinctive normative attitudes and dispositions. These attitudes play a pedagogical role in helping transmit these behaviors to children and newcomers. (shrink)

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é apresentar a distinção entre ciência e cientificismo e, com base no trabalho de van Fraassen, intitulado A imagem científica (2006), discutir sobre as circunstâncias em que o cientificismo poderia ser repudiado. O cientificismo é uma corrente de pensamento que somente considera válido um conhecimento se ele for científico. Segundo essa corrente, os procedimentos da ciência natural seriam mais especiais, uma vez que, dentre outros motivos, eles são capazes de descrever regularidades e possibilitar predições. Dessa (...) forma, o cientificismo defende que os procedimentos não científicos não possuem valor algum, pois não seriam capazes de descrever regularidades e realizar predições como fazem os procedimentos da ciência natural. Trataremos de maneira crítica essa concepção, apresentando o argumento de van Fraassen de que a descrição de uma regularidade também pode ser construída por explicações não científicas. Em sua opinião, o poder explicativo de uma teoria vai além de sua importância empírica, ele é radicalmente dependente do contexto. Isso significa que as regularidades descritas por uma crença científica são também dependentes de explicações não científicas, como as explicações da psicologia, da história, da filosofia, da sociologia, etc. Assim, a forte predição que encontramos na ciência natural não é realizada somente com base na adequação empírica e científica, mas com base em um sistema de explicações não científicas. Isso torna incorreta a classificação do conhecimento científico como o mais verdadeiro ou especial por ser capaz de descrever regularidades e realizar a predições. Pretende-se, com isso, refletir se o conhecimento pode ser construído por outras áreas não científicas, sem que o conhecimento seja com isso prejudicado. Uma reflexão necessária que servirá para apresentar um dos problemas que tornam o cientificismo indesejável. (shrink)

Introduction: Connectedness to nature is a concept that reflects the emotional relationship between the self and the natural environment, based on the theory of biophilia, the innate predisposition to the natural environment. However, the biophobic component has largely been ignored, despite, given its adaptive functional role, being an essential part of the construct. If there is a phylogenetic component underlying nature connectedness, biophilic and/or biophobic, there should be evidence of this record from early childhood. The main aim of this study (...) is therefore to describe the emotional attributions identified in five-year-olds. Methodology: Two studies were conducted. In the first, 94 children expressed their concept of nature and made basic emotional attributions to a set of 60 images of natural and urban environments, using a software designed for the study. In the second, 39 children repeated the procedure and provided explanations for their responses. Results: The main results show that, in general, children use both positive and negative emotions, which may be related to a three-dimensional model of emotional attributions to nature. The most widely attributed emotion is happiness, for the images of both natural and built environments. However, fear is the second most common attribution. The role of happiness could be explained by a feeling of security and familiarity that the habitat of the built environment contributes to, while the importance of fear in nature could show an adaptive response of the fear of wild nature in children. This interpretation could be confirmed when analyzing specifically the emotional attributions to the natural environment, classifying the images according to biological and ecosystemic criteria. Thus, for example, more emotional attributions are explained by the "pleasantness" attributed to primary producers and landscapes (e.g. flora), versus attributions of "harm" to the images of secondary and tertiary consumers (e.g. hunters). Conclusions: These results provide evidence in favor of a didactic procedure to study emotional attributions to images of nature in preschool children. They suggest the incorporation of biophobia as an important adaptive factor in connectedness to nature and a tripartite emotional hypothesis based on the valences of the attributed emotions. (shrink)

We study the theory of a Hilbert space H as a module for a unital C*-algebra ${\mathcal{A}}$ from the point of view of continuous logic. We give an explicit axiomatization for this theory and describe the structure of all the representations which are elementary equivalent to it. Also, we show that this theory has quantifier elimination and we characterize the model companion of the incomplete theory of all non-degenerate representations of ${\mathcal{A}}$ . Finally, we show that there is an homeomorphism (...) between the space of types of norm less than 1 in this model companion, and the space of quasistates of the C*-algebra ${\mathcal{A}}$. (shrink)

Materialism has been the subject of extensive and rich controversies since Robert Boyle introduced the term for the first time in the 17th century. But what is materialism and what can it offer today? The term is usually defined as the worldview according to which everything real is material. Nevertheless, there is no philosophical consensus about whether the meaning of matter can be enlarged beyond the physical. As a consequence, materialism is often defined in stark exclusive and reductionist terms: whatever (...) exists is either physical or ontologically reducible to it. This conception, if consistent, mutilates reality, excluding the ontological significance of political, economic, sociocultural, anthropological and psychological realities. Starting from a new history of materialism, the present book focuses on the central ontological and epistemological debates aroused by today’s leading materialist approaches, including some little known to an anglophone readership. The key concepts of matter, system, emergence, space and time, life, mind, and software are checked over and updated. Controversial issues such as the nature of mathematics and the place of reductionism are also discussed from different materialist approaches. As a result, materialism emerges as a powerful, indispensable scientifically-supported worldview with a surprising wealth of nuances and possibilities. (shrink)

Este artigo tem o objetivo de expor a contra doutrina dionisíaca ao otimismo a partir da discussão sobre a interpretação que o filósofo Friedrich Nietzsche faz de Sócrates no livro _O nascimento da tragédia_. Nossa discussão traz em perspectiva a crítica nietzschiana ao denominado socratismo estético, o qual coloca a filosofia socrática longe da sua proposta para o dionisíaco na arte. Para tanto, reconstruímos os argumentos de Nietzsche e investigamos o alcance dos mesmos, como também apresentamos as considerações de Paul (...) de Man sobre a tensão emergente. Como conclusão, apontamos para a abrangência dos conceitos de pessimismo e otimismo dentro do escopo construído. (shrink)

En su libro Mind and World, John McDowell propone una caracterización de la percepción como un proceso cognitivo pasivo. En el presente texto quisiera mostrar que tal caracterización tiene un problema fundamental: implicaría que la percepción no tiene contenido, atendiendo al modelo mcdowelliano de la intencionalidad. Dado que tal consecuencia es indeseable en el proyecto filosófico de McDowell, esto mostraría que existe una tensión lógica y conceptual entre la concepción de McDowell de la experiencia como un proceso pasivo y su (...) concepción de las condiciones para el contenido. Para cumplir este objetivo, primero explicaré qué significa sostener que la percepción es pasiva, en el sentido en el que lo afirma McDowell. Segundo, propondré que si uno asume el modelo mcdowelliano de la intencionalidad, el contenido y la pasividad, no parecer ser posible que la percepción sea al mismo tiempo tanto pasiva como un estado con contenido (i.e. un estado intencional). (shrink)

La flexibilidad y la mercantilización de lo espiritual ¿son aspectos característicos de la cultura contemporánea? Centrado en los casos de Alemania, Inglaterra y Francia, el artículo detalla cómo el romanticismo literario se articula como un movimiento pionero de la espiritualidad flexible, proceso que se entrelaza con su rol seminal en la formación del campo literario moderno. El crecimiento económico y demográfico sostenidos en Europa desde el s. XV, así como la alfabetización impulsada por el protestantismo, construyen un moderno público lector (...) que da pie —durante el s. XVIII— a la revolución y diversificación de la lectura, lo que promueve la difusión de incipientes tendencias modernas (ciencia, Ilustración, prensa). Oponiéndose parcialmente a estas tendencias y extendiendo la diversificación de lo impreso, surge la tendencia romántica. Sus autores flexibilizan la espiritualidad más allá de las convenciones religiosas de la época —y aportan a la formación del campo literario— (1) caracterizando el desencanto y otras formas de malestar moderno; (2) multiplicando el lenguaje imaginario-trascendente; (3) brindando connotaciones metafísicas al genio artístico; (4) promoviendo la autonomía y libertad expresiva del arte. La evidencia indica que el mercado fue una condición histórica básica para la EF. Se sugiere que esta flexibilidad se muestra como una adaptación de la espiritualidad a las circunstancias empíricas de la modernidad, la cual conlleva nuevas necesidades de sentido y una mayor capacidad para divergir de los relatos religiosos tradicionales. (shrink)

Resumen: Entre 1842 y 1870, la narrativa chilena presenta un paulatino proceso de desarrollo que oscila entre la novela -cuando no el cuento- y el folletín. Lastarria califica su cuento “El mendigo” como “novela histórica”. A su vez, Alberto Blest Gana luego de publicar folletines en diversos periódicos de la época toma nítida distancia de ese tipo de “novela popular cuando en 1862 reflexiona acerca de la novela propiamente tal y al declarar -en 1864- que solo pretende ser un novelista (...) al estilo de Balzac. No obstante, el folletín de filiación europea presentará -hacia 1870- una precisa fórmula como es la denominada “novela indiana” que critica Zorobabel Rodríguez. Por lo mismo, proponemos que en las instancias fundacionales de la narrativa nacional se anticipa la tendencia de recurrir al folletín poniendo de relieve el motivo del amor imposible que no puede superar obstáculos de diversa índole, sean ellos sentimentales, estamentales, políticos o historiográficos. Nuestra hipótesis es que en el curso de la novela chilena liberal, de sello romántico sentimental, esta estructura modélica no es ajena a la narrativa nacional, hecho que permite dar curso a la narración -entre otros- de acontecimientos propios de la conquista, la independencia y la República.: Between 1842 and 1870, the Chilean narrative presents a gradual development process that oscillates between the novel -if not the short story- and the folletin. Lastarria describes his story “El mendigo” as an “historical novel”. At the same time, Alberto Blest Gana wins after publishing brochures in various newspapers of the time, he takes a clear distance from that type of "popular novel” when in 1862 he reflects on the novel itself and in declaring -in 1864- that it only pretends to be a Balzac-style novelist. However, the European affiliation booklet will present -by 1870- a precise formula such as the so-called “Indian novel” criticized by Zorobabel Rodríguez. For the same reason, we propose that in the foundational instances of the national narrative the tendency to resort to the newsletter is anticipated, highlighting the reason for impossible love that cannot overcome obstacles of various kinds, whether they are sentimental, social class, political or historiographic. Our hypothesis is that in the course of the liberal Chilean novel, with a sentimental romantic stamp, this model structure is no stranger to the national narrative, a fact that allows the narration -among others- of events of the conquest, independence and the Republic. (shrink)

This discussion focuses on whether Mario Bunge’s emergent materialism implies continuism or not. Íñigo Ongay defends that Bunge’s emergent materialism implies continuism. In his response, Javier Pérez-Jara argues that Bunge’s emergent materialism explicitly assumes structural ontological and epistemological discontinuities in the universe. The question is more than a Scholastic one, concerning only a particular system of philosophy, however relevant for current philosophical materialism. Rather, what is at stake is the ability of non-reductionist ontologies to explain (non-miraculous) novelty and plurality.

Despite the central presence of materialism in the history of philosophy, there is no universal consensus on the meaning of the word “matter” nor of the doctrine of philosophical materialism. Dictionaries of philosophy often identify this philosophy with its most reductionist and even eliminative versions, in line with Robert Boyle’s seventeenth century coinage of the term. But when we take the concept back in time to Greek philosophers and forward onto our own times, we recognize more inclusive forms of materialism (...) as well as complex interplays with non-materialist thought about the place of matter in reality, including Christian philosophy and German idealism. We define philosophical materialism in its most general way both positively (the identification of reality with matter understood as changeability and plurality) and negatively (the negation of disembodied living beings and hypostatized ideas). This inclusive approach to philosophical materialism offers a new light to illuminate a critical history of the concept of matter and materialism from Ancient Greece to the present that is also attentive to scientific developments. By following the most important connections and discontinuities among theoretical frameworks on the idea of matter, we present a general thread that offers a rich and plural, but highly cohesive, field of investigation. Finally, we propose building on rich non-reductionist materialist philosophies, such as Mario Bunge’s systemic materialism and Gustavo Bueno’s discontinuous materialism, to elaborate powerful theoretical alternatives to both physicalism and spiritualism. (shrink)

Tradicionalmente, se ha argumentado que el concepto de eudaimonía en Aristóteles se encuentra anclado en el contexto de una comprensión teleológica del universo, por cuanto dicha noción parece radicar en una definición funcionalista de la naturaleza humana. Teniendo esto en mente, Bernard Williams ha desarrollado una crítica en contra de la propuesta ética de Aristóteles, acusándola de una cierta ambición científica en el campo del razonamiento práctico que resulta insostenible actualmente. Este ensayo busca discutir si, en efecto, estos señalamientos tienen (...) un sustento plausible o si, por el contrario, se basan en una interpretación debatible de los fundamentos de la ética aristotélica. Con este propósito, se analiza la justificación del razonamiento ético de Aristóteles a la luz de los argumentos de Williams y de algunos de sus contradictores. (shrink)

This paper is about the ontology of a cancer diagnosis at high-end hospitals in Colombia. Drawing on a seventeen-month ethnographic fieldwork study in this country, it pays attention to how dermatologists, pathologists, and oncologists looked at my partner’s skin during a routine medical checkup and enacted two seemingly contradictory diagnoses: a lethal melanoma and a benign dysplastic nevus—commonly known as mole. Because their differences under the microscope or through dermatology goggles may be subtle, physicians often disagree on what they see. (...) When medical services are not unrelated to the economic possibilities of patients to pay for them, what emerges through a microscope might be different. With neoliberal medical reforms in Colombia as background, this paper focuses on the ontological indeterminacy of cancer and its relationship to high-end hospitals and a patient who could, albeit not without effort, pay for the treatment. Thus, I argue that how physicians saw was not unrelated to what they saw and therefore to their practices of medicine in neoliberal Colombia. How do medical practices and ways of seeing in Colombia enter into composition with the bodies they study? Could the same skin tissue simultaneously be cancerous and noncancerous? (shrink)

Comunicado del Claustro de Profesores del Programa de Filosofía - Universidad del Quindío Llamado al diálogo, cuidado de la vida y solidaridad por las víctimas de las protestas sociales iniciadas el 28 de abril de 2021 en Colombia La protesta social expresa los deseos de un pueblo por salir de las situaciones políticas y económicas desfavorables, es una expresión de esperanza. Precisamente, las distintas acciones ciudadanas en la mayoría de los municipios quindianos, y en general, en el territorio colombiano, son (...) la muestra de un profundo deseo por aportar a la construcción de un país donde la vida en todas sus manifestaciones sea respetada y valorada. (shrink)

El problema que ocupa las reflexiones del siguiente texto es sobre la dificultad de la descripción del sustantivo cuir. Apoyándose en distintos textos, el presente ensayo postula el entendimiento de lo cuir como verbo, es decir encuiramiento. En este segundo sentido, lo cuir viene a ser proceso no terminado, crítica placentera que abre un espacio de futuridad en medio de una cultura condenada a repetir reactivamente el pasado. A partir de una selección de obras de la literatura latinoamericana se muestran (...) diferentes ejemplos de trama cuir que dislocan el ordenamiento heteronormado, desacralizan lo establecido, develan lo inacabado y abren de este modo posibilidades de cambio en el lenguaje. (shrink)

Atherosclerosis is the major cause of death in the industrialised world. Though much work on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis points to 'oxidised' low density lipoprotein (LDL) as a key aetiological feature in the generation of the atherosclerotic plaque, the nature of this 'oxidised' LDL in vivo remains an enigma. We argue here that glycated LDL shows many of the characteristics attributed to 'oxidised LDL' and may be the source of the latter in vivo. These include the increased uptake and impaired (...) degradation of glycated LDL by macrophages and the stimulation of transendothelial chemotaxis of monocytes, cytokine secretion and platelet aggregation. We hypothesise that the covalent binding of glycated LDL to the endothelial cell wall may result in the formation of the early atherosclerotic lesion of the fatty streak and that apolipoprotein E may mediate the physiological clearance of glycated moieties. The proposed role of glycation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis would explain its high incidence among diabetics and the contentious epidemiological and experimental correlations between dietary sugar and atherosclerosis. (shrink)

The study on argumentation has been developed until it becoming into an independent studying field since mid last century. Nowadays, this field embraces its own academic structure of magazines, books series, societies, symposiums, Internet Web Pages, experts systems, and it even takes place within departments and curriculums concerning certain Universities' media, which attempt to give an academic discipline shape to the argumentation..

When solving problems, like making predictions or choices, people often “sample” possibilities into mind. Here, we consider whether there is structure to the kinds of thoughts people sample by default—that is, without an explicit goal. Across three experiments we found that what comes to mind by default are samples from a probability distribution that combines what people think is likely and what they think is good. Experiment 1 found that the first quantities that come to mind for everyday behaviors and (...) events are quantities that combine what is average and ideal. Experiment 2 found, in a manipulated context, that the distribution of numbers that come to mind resemble the mathematical product of the presented statistical distribution and a (softmax-transformed) prescriptive distribution. Experiment 3 replicated these findings in a visual domain. These results provide insight into the process generating people’s conscious thoughts and invite new questions about the value of thinking about things that are both likely and good. (shrink)